Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
1. “This food causes illness,” is a _________ representation of knowledge. 
 
a. declarative
b.  procedural
c. transitive
 d. negative

2. In Chapter 5 we read about devaluing the US to determine what kind of mental representations 
 are formed during Pavlovian conditioning. What must be devalued in order to determine what happens during operant conditioning? 
a. the target behavior
b.  the discriminative stimulus
 c. the reinforcer
d.  the context in which the behavior occurs 

3. A rat is taught to pull a chain for Fruit Loops. Later it is fed more Fruit Loops and made ill. 
 The next day, the rat is placed back in the operant box where it can again pull a chain to earn Fruit Loops. If the rat had formed only procedural representations of its experiences, one would expect it to ______. 
a. pull the chain as usual
b. not pull the chain, because it knows that it will get Fruit Loops
 c. not pull the chain, because it knows that Fruit Loops make it sick
d.  pull the chain at a faster rate than before 

4. Bailey the bulldog used to steal food off the coffee table. One day her owner intentionally left very spicy food on the coffee table. Now, Bailey no longer steals food from there. This suggests that Bailey acquired declarative knowledge because ______. 
a. Bailey must have learned not to eat spicy food
 b. Bailey must have learned that she is not supposed to steal food
 c.Bailey must have learned that food on the coffee table is spicy
 d. Bailey’s behavior does not illustrate declarative knowledge 

5. All of the following procedures can be used to devalue a food reinforcer except ______. 
 
a. satiation
b. providing noncontingent reinforcers
 c. Pavlovian conditioned taste aversions
d. increased food deprivation
 
6. Beninger, Kendall, and Vanderwolf (1974) reinforced rats for pressing 1 of 4 levers, depending on what behavior the rats had just completed (e.g., lever 1 produced pellets if a rat was just engaged in grooming). The conclusion drawn from the results of this experiment was that animals ______. 
a. encode operant conditioning as declarative knowledge
 b. encode operant conditioning as procedural knowledge
 c. form mental representations of their own behaviors
 d. form mental representations of reinforcers 

7. Which of the following is the best evidence that individuals form mental representations of  outcomes? 
a. monkeys will reject lettuce after being reinforced with bananas
 b. rats were able to learn to press different levers depending on what behavior they had just 
 c. completed after extended training, subjects will respond even for foods that have been paired with 
d.  illness it is very difficult to teach pigeons to peck a key to avoid shock 

8. Which statement best describes the “differential outcomes effect”? 
 
a. Individuals learn faster when reinforcer magnitude is large.
 b. Individuals learn faster when reinforcer magnitude varies between trials.
c.  Individuals learn to perform two different behaviors faster if the outcomes are different.
 d. Individuals learn to perform two different behaviors faster if the training contexts are
different. 
 
9. Temporal proximity between a behavior and a reinforcing event is ____________ for operant conditioning. 
a. necessary and sufficient
 b. necessary but not sufficient
 c. sufficient but not necessary 
d. neither necessary nor sufficient 

10. The presence of a behavior-outcome contingency is ______ for the occurrence of operant 
 conditioning. 
a. necessary and sufficient
 b. necessary but not sufficient
 c. sufficient but not necessary
 d. neither necessary nor sufficient
 
11. Which statement best describes the results of Killeen’s experiments in which either a pigeon’s own pecking or a computer could turn off a light in an operant chamber? 
a. Pigeons responded identically when they turned off the light as when a computer did it.
 b. Pigeons correctly discriminated between instances in which they versus a computer turned 
 c. off the light, but at barely above chance levels. Pigeons correctly discriminated between instances in which they versus a computer turned 
 d. off the light with 80-90 percent accuracy. The pigeons never responded at all when a key light was turned off by the computer. 

12. In a model of how the principles of evolution by natural selection may apply in operant 
 conditioning, PIE stands for ______. 
a. proximal incentive evaluation
 b. phylogenetically important event
 c. preparatory innate excitation
d.  preemptive induced extinction 

13. At its most basic level, operant conditioning is _______________ with long-term memory. 
 
a. Pavlovian conditioning
 b. superstitious behavior
 c. evaluative conditioning
 d. hill-climbing 

14. The simplest organisms in which Pavlovian conditioning has been documented are ______. 
 
a. single-celled
b. bees
c.  squid
d. fish 

15. The simplest organisms in which operant conditioning has been documented are ______. 
 
a. single-celled
 b. fish
 c. snakes and lizards
 d. bees and locusts

16. In a study of observational conditioning in humans using an emotional Stroop task, 
 participants exhibited ______. 
a. slower color-naming times for CS+ words
 b. slower color-naming times for CS- words
 c. faster color-naming times for CS+ words
 d. panic attacks 

17. Curio (1988) conducted research on observational conditioning with blackbird subjects. What was the US in these experiments? 
a stuffed owla. 
 b. a non-predatory bird called a honeyeater
 c. a mobbing cry
 d. electric shock 

18. Curio and colleagues conducted research on observational conditioning with blackbird 
 subjects. Which statement best describes the conclusion of these studies? 
a. Blackbirds can transmit information to each other about new predators in their niche.
 b. Blackbirds can socially learn to fear predators but not non-predators.
c.  In nature, blackbirds are more threatened by non-predatory birds than predatory ones.
d.  Blackbirds acquire social information about danger from other species, not one another.

19. “Behavior that is aroused by the mere presence of another member of the same species” best defines ______. 
a. local enhancement
 b. social facilitation
 c. true imitation
 d. goal emulation

20. Which statement best describes how sign-tracking may have contributed to the social 
 transmission of milk bottles as a source of food for birds? 
a. Birds may find bottles opened by others and subsequently peck at bottles as signals for 
 b. food. The presence of birds gathered around a bottle draws attention to that object or area.
 c. The mere presence of other members of one’s species increases the probability of  
 d. species-typical behaviors including pecking. After some birds witnessed a conspecific pecking through a bottle cap and finding cream, goal emulation occurred.

21. Goal emulation differs from true imitation in that ______. 
 
a. in true imitation but not goal emulation, an observer may learn a different method than 
 b. one utilized by the demonstrator in goal emulation but not true imitation, an observer may learn a different method than the 
 c. one utilized by demonstrator in goal emulation, an observer will copy the behavior of the demonstrator even if it leads to 
d. an aversive event goal emulation is more common in humans whereas imitation is more common in nonhuman primates 
 
22. In the bidirectional control procedure ______. 
 
a. each observer watches a demonstrator perform two different behaviors
 b. two different demonstrators are assigned to each observer
 c. observers must perform a behavior in two different ways
 d. demonstrators can perform a behavior two different ways 

23. Which of the following would most likely qualify as true imitation? 
 
a. a monkey learns to fear a snake after observing its mother’s reaction
b.  a blackbird learns to mob owls after watching other birds do it
 c. a rat develops an aversion to a food it was eating with a companion after seeing the 
 d. companion get sick a dog pushes a screen out of the way of food to the left after seeing another dog move the  screen that way 
 
24. All of the following are forms of inadvertent social transmission of information EXCEPT: 
 
a. observational conditioning
 b. social facilitation
 c. opportunity teaching
 d. local enhancement 

25. In the typical procedure used by Galef and colleagues to study the social transmission of food preferences, what does removing the demonstrator simulate? 
a. that a food is dangerous and probably killed the demonstrator
 b. that the demonstrator is unwilling to share food
 c. that the demonstrator has left to forage for food
 d. that the demonstrator starved to death